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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
Tomohiko Iwasaki, Toshimitu Horiuchi, Daisuke Fujiwara, Hironobu Unesaki, Seiji Shiroya, Masatoshi Hayashi, Hiroshi Nakamura, Takanori Kitada, Nobuo Shinohara
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 136 | Number 3 | November 2000 | Pages 321-339
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE00-A2162
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Capture reaction rate ratios of 237Np relative to 197Au were measured in 11 thermal neutron fields provided by the Kyoto University Critical Assembly and the Kyoto University Reactor Heavy Water Neutron Irradiation Facility. In the measurement, both samples of 237Np and 197Au were irradiated at the same time, and their gamma activities were measured. The typical experimental error was 3.5%. The analysis was performed by three steps: full-core calculation, self-shielding correction of the sample, and perturbation correction of the sample. Three full-core calculations by a continuous-energy Monte Carlo code (MVP), a transport code (TWOTRAN), and a diffusion code (CITATION) were made with the JENDL-3.2 library. The self-shielding factors were derived by an analytical formula, and the perturbation factors were calculated by another MVP calculation. The reaction rates were derived by multiplying the neutron spectrum, the two correction factors, and the capture cross sections of 237Np and 197Au.As a result, the three full-core calculations provided almost the same neutron spectra at the sample position and gave almost the same calculated-to-experimental values (C/Es) for the capture reaction rate ratios of 237Np relative to 197Au. Based on the capture cross section of 237Np taken from the JENDL-3.2 library, the C/Es were between 0.97 and 1.04, and the average C/E among the 11 cores was 1.01. On the other hand, the C/Es using the ENDF/B-VI and the JEF-2.2 were 1.02 to 1.06 for harder spectrum cores, whereas the C/Es for the softer spectrum cores were 1.08 to 1.16. It is concluded that the JENDL-3.2 library has good accuracy for the capture cross section of 237Np but the ENDF/B-VI and the JEF-2.2 libraries overestimate that of 237Np >10% in the thermal neutron energy region.