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First astatine-labeled compound shipped in the U.S.
The Department of Energy’s National Isotope Development Center (NIDC) on March 31 announced the successful long-distance shipment in the United States of a biologically active compound labeled with the medical radioisotope astatine-211 (At-211). Because previous shipments have included only the “bare” isotope, the NIDC has described the development as “unleashing medical innovation.”
M. Ionescu-Bujor, D. G. Cacuci
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 136 | Number 1 | September 2000 | Pages 85-121
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE136-85
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
This work presents results that illustrate the validation of the Adjoint Sensitivity Model (ASM-REL/TF) corresponding to the two-fluid model with noncondensable(s) used in RELAP5/MOD3.2. This validation has been carried out by using sample problems involving (a) a liquid phase only, (b) a gas phase only, and (c) a two-phase mixture (of water and steam). Thus, the "Two-Loops with Pumps" sample problem supplied with RELAP5/MOD3.2 has been used to verify the accuracy and stability of the numerical solution of the ASM-REL/TF when only the liquid phase is present. Furthermore, the "Edwards Pipe" sample problem, also supplied with RELAP5/MOD3.2, has been used to verify the accuracy and stability of the numerical solution of the ASM-REL/TF when both (i.e., liquid and gas) phases are present. In addition, the accuracy and stability have been verified of the numerical solution of the ASM-REL/TF when only the gas phase is present by using modified "Two-Loops with Pumps" and the "Edwards Pipe" sample problems in which the liquid- and two-phase fluids, respectively, were replaced with pure steam. The results obtained for these sample problems depict typical sensitivities of junction velocities and volume-averaged pressures to perturbations in initial conditions and indicate that the numerical solution of the ASM-REL/TF is as robust, stable, and accurate as the original RELAP5/MOD3.2 calculations.This work also illustrates the role that sensitivities of the thermodynamic properties of water play for sensitivity analysis of thermal-hydraulic codes for light water reactors. The well-known 1993 ASME Steam Tables are used to present typical analytical and numerical results for sensitivities of the thermodynamic properties of water to the numerical parameters that appear in the mathematical formulation of these properties. Particularly highlighted are the very large sensitivities displayed by the specific isobaric fluid and gas heat capacities Cpf and Cpg, respectively; the specific fluid enthalpy hf; the specific gas volume Vg; the volumetric expansion coefficient for gas g; and the isothermal coefficient for gas kg. The dependence of g and kg on the most sensitive parameters turns out to be nonlinear, while the dependence of Cpf, Cpg, hf, and Vg on the most sensitive parameters turns out to be linear, so the respective sensitivities predict exactly the effects of variations in the respective parameters. On the other hand, the sensitivities of the specific fluid volume Vf, the volumetric expansion coefficient for fluid f, the specific gas enthalpy hg, and the isothermal coefficient of compressibility for fluid kf to the parameters that appear in their respective mathematical formulas are quite small. Finally, it is noted that such deterministically calculated sensitivities can be used to rank the respective parameters according to their importance, to assess the effects of nonlinearities and, more generally, to perform comprehensive sensitivity/uncertainty analyses of thermal-hydraulic codes that use a water substance as the working fluid.
