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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
C. Budtz-Jørgensen, H.-H. Knitter
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 79 | Number 4 | December 1981 | Pages 380-392
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE81-A21389
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The neutron-induced fission cross section of 240Pu was measured in the neutron energy range from 10 keV to 10 MeV using the 7-MV Van de Graaff and the electron linear accelerator of the Central Bureau for Nuclear Measurements as pulsed neutron sources, which delivered monoenergetic and continuous neutron spectra, respectively. The neutron-induced fission events were detected with a parallel plate ionization chamber that provided a fast and narrow output signal allowing nanosecond timing, but where the time integral of the pulse contained, at the same time, the energy information of the ionizing particle. This detector permitted a high discrimination between alpha particles and fission fragments at an alpha emission rate of some 107 s−1. The fission cross-section data below 400 keV are especially remarkable since they were taken with an energy resolution almost one order of magnitude better than any other published data set. In this region, large structures in the fission cross section due to Class II states in the second well of the double-humped fission barrier were found. The spontaneous fission half-life of 240Pu was measured to be (1.15 ± 0.03)·1011 yr.