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Norway’s Halden reactor takes first step toward decommissioning
The government of Norway has granted the transfer of the Halden research reactor from the Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) to the state agency Norwegian Nuclear Decommissioning (NND). The 25-MWt Halden boiling water reactor operated from 1958 to 2018 and was used in the research of nuclear fuel, reactor internals, plant procedures and monitoring, and human factors.
O. E. Dwyer, P. S. Tu
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 21 | Number 1 | January 1965 | Pages 90-105
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE65-A21018
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The results of an analytical study of bilateral heat transfer to liquid metals flowing turbulently through annuli are reported. The study was based on the assumptions of 1) uniform, though not necessarily equal, heat fluxes from the walls, 2) fully-established temperature and velocity profiles, and 3) no effect of transverse temperature variations on the physical properties of the liquid metal. The fraction, ξ, of the total heat delivered to the flowing stream which comes from the inner wall was varied from zero to unity. Also two special situations were treated: (A) equal heat fluxes from both walls, and (B) uniform but unequal heat fluxes at the walls, with equal wall temperatures at a given axial position along the channel. The results are presented in the form of Nusselt numbers for r2/r1 values from 1 to 7, Peclet numbers for 102 to 104, and ξ values from 0 to 1. The coefficient for the heat transferred from the inner wall goes to infinity at a certain value of ξ, which depends only on the ratio r2/r1. The same thing occurs for the coefficient for the outer walls, except at a different values of ξ. The interesting observation was made that at Pe = 6700, the Nusselt numbers for the following situations are all equal to about 35: 1) flow in a pipe, 2) flow between parallel plates with equal heat fluxes from both plates, 3) flow in any annulus with equal heat fluxes from the walls, with reference to the heat transferred from the outer wall, 4) flow in any annulus with a uniform heat flux from each wall and having equal wall temperatures at a given axial position, with reference to the heat transferred from the outer wall.
