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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Standards Committee is responsible for the development and maintenance of voluntary consensus standards that address the design, analysis, and operation of components, systems, and facilities related to the application of nuclear science and technology. Find out What’s New, check out the Standards Store, or Get Involved today!
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
L. S. Tong
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 33 | Number 1 | July 1968 | Pages 7-15
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE68-A20912
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Flow boiling crisis can be categorized into at least two types: Departure from Nucleate Boiling (DNB) in the subcooled and low-quality region and dry-out in the high-quality region. To analyze the DNB flux in a rod bundle, the flow conditions should be evaluated by a subchannel analysis and a single-channel DNB correlation can be used for predictions. Rod-bundle DNB data have been presented to verify the above statement. The uncertainties in the measured DNB heat fluxes are listed as: statistical nature of flow turbulences and surface conditions, ±3%; fabrication tolerances of test sections, ±5%; imperfectness of correlation in handling the parameter effects, ±5%; and random and systematic instrumentation errors and various loop system characteristics, ±10%. The probability of a rod bundle reaching DNB for a given DNB ratio predicted by W-3 correlation has been evaluated and demonstrated for its use. The effect of a DNB rod in a rod bundle is considered as not detrimental and not contagious. The above statement is demonstrated and evidenced by a photograph of the bird's-eye view of DNB and two sets of experimental data.