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Norway’s Halden reactor takes first step toward decommissioning
The government of Norway has granted the transfer of the Halden research reactor from the Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) to the state agency Norwegian Nuclear Decommissioning (NND). The 25-MWt Halden boiling water reactor operated from 1958 to 2018 and was used in the research of nuclear fuel, reactor internals, plant procedures and monitoring, and human factors.
M. Segev
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 81 | Number 2 | June 1982 | Pages 151-160
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE82-A20082
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Let the lattice consist of an infinite uniform distribution of clusters in an (external) moderator, and let the cluster consist of a uniform distribution of absorber lumps in an (internal) moderator. The lattice is characterized by the parameters: cluster mean chord length, L; probability of neutrons leaving a cluster to collide in the external moderator prior to crossing a cluster, Γ; adjustable Bell factor for the clusters, A; lump mean chord length, I; probability of neturons leaving a lump (in an infinite cluster) to collide in the internal moderator prior to crossing a lump, γ; adjustable Bell factor for the lumps, a; internal moderator volume fraction in the cluster, υm; internal moderator macroscopic cross section, Σm. The flux in (or resonance integral of) the absorber lump is equivalent to the flux in (or resonance integral of) an infinite medium consisting of the lump material, homogenously mixed with a moderator of cross section Σe, given by where The expression for Σe is quite general, the only restriction on the lattice structure being that a cluster contain many lumps. The factor β can be termed the “double heterogeneity” factor abbreviated “doublet.” In the limit of an infinite single cluster β → 1, yielding the correct single heterogeneity expression for Σe. In the limit of small lump volume fractions, the expression for Σe reduces to the expression of Goldstein, as derived from the work of Lane et al. Goldstein's formulation was successfully compared with the experimental data of Lewis and Conolly. The WIMS formulation for a single cluster is almost equivalent to the above formulas with a difference that becomes significant only if the cluster contains a small number of lumps. The equivalence formulations by Tsuchihashi et al., as well as by Stamatelatos, yield results which are discrepant with those of the formulations discussed above and, therefore, have to be judged unsatisfactory.