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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
M. Necati Özişik, Daniel Hughes
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 35 | Number 3 | March 1969 | Pages 384-393
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE69-A20018
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The steady-state flux of matter of molecular size from a mixture of vapor and noncondensable gas to the walls of a large containment vessel during the condensation of vapor can be predicted with the present analysis. A boundary layer approach has been used in formulating the mass-transfer problem and the resulting equations are solved numerically. Charts are presented for the flux of molecular iodine from a steam-air mixture to the walls of the containment vessel during the condensation of steam. Knowing the total pressure and the temperature of the bulk mixture, the wall temperature, and the concentration of air and iodine in the bulk mixture, the rate of removal of iodine from the vessel can be predicted. The analysis is correlated with an experiment and close agreement is found.