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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
R. G. Alsmiller, Jr., T. W. Armstrong, Barbara L. Bishop
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 43 | Number 3 | March 1971 | Pages 257-266
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE71-A19971
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Nucleon-meson cascade calculations have been carried out for broad beams of monoenergetic negatively and positively charged pions normally incident on a semi-infinite slab of tissue 30-cm thick, and the absorbed doses and dose equivalents as a function of depth in the tissue are presented. Results are given for incident energies of 10, 30, 84, 150, 500, 1000, and 2000 MeV. For the lower incident energies (≤84 MeV), the pion range is <30 cm in tissue, and peaks in the absorbed doses and dose equivalents, due to the reaction products produced by the nuclear capture of the stopped negatively charged pions and to the decay products of the stopped positively charged pions, are clearly evident.