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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
M. S. Sadeghipour, M. N. Özişik, J. C. Mulligan
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 79 | Number 1 | September 1981 | Pages 9-18
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE81-A19038
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The transient freezing of liquid metals in laminar flow in the thermal entry region of a circular tube is investigated analytically under the assumption that the heat removal from the tube wall is by convection into an environment at a temperature lower than the freezing temperature. The variation of the solid-liquid interface as a function of time and position along the tube is determined. The effects of Biot number and the difference between the freezing and the ambient temperatures on the length of freeze-free zone are examined.