ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
2026 ANS Annual Conference
May 31–June 3, 2026
Denver, CO|Sheraton Denver
Standards Program
The Standards Committee is responsible for the development and maintenance of voluntary consensus standards that address the design, analysis, and operation of components, systems, and facilities related to the application of nuclear science and technology. Find out What’s New, check out the Standards Store, or Get Involved today!
Latest Magazine Issues
Jan 2026
Jul 2025
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
January 2026
Nuclear Technology
December 2025
Fusion Science and Technology
November 2025
Latest News
Duke Energy submits an ESP application to the NRC
Following up on an October announcement on plans to invest more heavily in nuclear power, Duke Energy closed out 2025 by submitting an early site permit application to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. This ESP application is for a site near the Belews Creek Steam Station, a coal and natural gas plant in Stokes County, N.C., where Duke has been pursuing a new nuclear project for two years.
Chunkuan Shih, M. M. El-Wakil
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 77 | Number 4 | April 1981 | Pages 470-479
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE81-A18960
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Experimental and analytical studies of free convection film boiling around small spheres are reported. The relation of film boiling to possible vapor explosions is discussed. The system simulates the interaction between fragmented fuel particles and coolant in a nuclear reactor accident. Experiments were conducted on hot small brass spheres, 0.3175, 0.4762, and 0.6350 cm in diameter, suddenly immersed in Freon-11 and Freon-113, 0 to 20 K subcooled, at atomospheric pressure. Sphere temperature versus time cooling curves were obtained and minimum film boiling temperatures were determined. A lumped parameter system was used to convert the former-to-average heat flux versus wall superheat boiling curves. The experimental results for the saturated liquid film boiling agreed well with previous theoretical work of Hendricks and Baumeister. For subcooled liquid film boiling, the experimental results were compared to a theoretical prediction using an integral approach. Numerical solutions indicate that it is the ratio, not the difference, between the subcooled and saturated liquid film boiling Nusselt numbers that is significant. Minimum film boiling temperatures were found to increase with liquid subcooling at a rate slightly higher than linear. The effect of sphere size was that increased surface curvature shifts the minimum film boiling point toward higher wall superheats and higher heat fluxes. In the case of fuel fragmentation, these studies can be used to predict the resulting fuel-coolant interactions. A large increase in the minimum film boiling temperature is postulated. Thus film boiling would be terminated earlier and the coolant will be in direct contact with the surface at temperatures higher than its homogeneous nucleation temperature, resulting in rapid vaporization that may cause vapor explosions.