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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
Akira Sakurai, Masahiro Shiotsu, Koichi Hata
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 88 | Number 3 | November 1984 | Pages 321-330
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE84-A18586
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Film-boiling heat transfer on a horizontal test heater in a pool of saturated and subcooled water was investigated at pressures ranging from 20 kPa to 2 MPa. Platinum rods of 0.7, 1.2, 2, 3, and 5 mm in diameter were used as the test heater. A semiempirical equation and a modified Bromley equation were given, both of which could express the saturated film-boiling heat transfer coefficients within ±5% error. The heat transfer coefficients for a certain range of heater diameters under saturated and subcooled conditions were expressed within ±10% error by the two-phase boundary-layer film-boiling model with the boundary condition of equal liquid and vapor interfacial velocities. Pressure dependence of the minimum film-boiling temperature for pressure <1.1 MPa was clearly different from that for pressure >1.1 MPa. Minimum temperature in the lower pressure region seems to be determined by the hydrodynamic Taylor instability and that in the higher pressure region by the heterogeneous spontaneous nucleation limit. However, minimum temperature and heat flux of saturated film boiling in the former region did not agree with those of conventional equations based on the Taylor instability. Empirical equations of interfacial wave length, departing bubble diameter, and frequency near the minimum film-boiling temperature for the lower pressure region were given. Minimum temperature and heat flux equations were presented based on these empirical equations.