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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
W. R. Gambill, R. D. Bundy
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 18 | Number 1 | January 1964 | Pages 69-79
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE64-A18141
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In support of the High Flux Isotope Reactor Program, experimental determinations were made of friction factors, burnout heat fluxes, and average and local nonboiling heat-transfer coefficients for forced-convection flow of water through thin aluminum and nickel rectangular channels under the following conditions: heat flux = 0.1 × 106 to 7.4 × 106 Btu/h·ft2, velocity = 10 to 85 ft/sec, Reynolds number = 9,000 to 270,000, pressure = 1 to 39 atmospheres absolute, flow gap = 0.043 to 0.057 in., and heated length = 12 and 18 in. A few tests were made to ascertain the effect of an axially oriented cylindrical spacer strip on surface-temperature distribution and burnout heat flux. The results of these studies, unlike those of some earlier investigations of narrow-gap heat transfer, are in reasonably good agreement with accepted correlations. The friction factors are in satisfactory agreement with the Moody chart for the relative roughness of the test sections used, the burnout heat fluxes are well reproduced by the Soviet Zenkevich-Subbotin correlation, and the local and average heat-transfer coefficients are slightly larger than values predicted by the Hausen and Sieder-Tate equations.