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Don’t scrap ALARA—modernize it
For decades, U.S. radiation protection has rested on two pillars: the linear no-threshold (LNT) model and the principle of “as low as reasonably achievable” (ALARA). Together, these have shaped occupational dose management, regulatory limits, and emergency planning across the nuclear industry.
Yassin A. Hassan, J. H. Kim
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 89 | Number 1 | January 1985 | Pages 70-78
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE85-A17884
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Three-dimensional numerical computations of negatively buoyant cold jet injected into hot water flowing in a pipe are presented for various hot-to-cold flow rate ratios. A fine nodalization with a newly modified skew upwind differencing scheme is employed. The adoption of this scheme results in a significant reduction of the numerical diffusion errors. Under certain conditions of the jet Froude number, the hot water penetrates upward into the injector, resulting in a recirculatory flow region. Such penetration and recirculation enhance the mixing process, thus helping mitigate the pressurized thermal shock concern. A satisfactory agreement between the numerical temperature predictions with available experimental data is obtained.