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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
C. D. Taylor
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 26 | Number 3 | November 1966 | Pages 347-353
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE66-A17355
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A slab is considered to be bombarded normally by a flux of gamma rays from a nuclear explosion. As a result of this bombardment, electrons are scattered from the slab with a distribution of velocities. An approximation to the velocity distribution is obtained with the Klein-Nishina theory of the Compton process, the Bethe formula for average energy loss per unit path length of an electron penetrating matter, and a correction factor accounting for the multiple scattering of the electrons. The theoretical study reveals that the electrons are scattered out of the slab predominantly into the direction of propagation of the incident gamma rays. The velocity distribution of the electrons upon emerging from the slab is peaked near the high velocity end of the spectrum; it is also shown to be independent of the slab thickness, provided the thickness is greater than the maximum range of the recoil electrons but less than the mean free path of the gamma rays. Numerical results are obtained that confirm the statements of Karzas and Latter.