An evaluation of the 238U neutron cross sections in the unresolved resonance region that was adopted for the evaluated nuclear data files JEF-2 (up to 200 keV) and ENDF/B-VI (up to 149 keV) has been checked against recent capture cross-section measurements and against thick-sample transmission data and capture self-indication ratios. Effects of the unresolved resonance structure on self-shielding and multiple scattering were treated by Monte Carlo techniques based on resonance statistics and average resonance parameters. It was found that the average cross sections and average resonance parameters given in the new evaluation permit very satisfactory reproduction of all the test data. Indications are that the average total and capture cross sections including self-shielding are now known below 200 keV with accuracies close to those requested in nuclear technology.