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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
N. J. Peters, J. C. McKibben, K. Kutikkad, W. H. Miller
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 171 | Number 3 | July 2012 | Pages 210-219
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE10-71
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A detailed study at the Missouri University Research Reactor indicates that limitations in the energy balance methodology, using the Monte Carlo N-Particle transport code (MCNP) and the Evaluated Nuclear Data Files (ENDF), affect the accuracy of predicting important parameters for reactor physics studies. In the case of fuel conversion, key parameters such as flux and power level cannot be measured until the converted reactor is operating. Therefore, predictions with well-known uncertainties are essential for an effective conversion. However, due to inherent energy balance problems in the isotopic heating evaluations for materials within various fuel matrices, in particular the U-10Mo monolithic fuel, the values for the predicted parameters could vary more than previously estimated. In particular, the total recoverable energy per fission, which directly affects the calculated flux for a given power level, appears to be underestimated by MCNP's energy balance method. Therefore, an alternative methodology for predicting the total recoverable energy of a system was investigated. Results for the proposed low-enriched uranium U-10Mo configuration show that there is a 3.02-MeV difference between the total recoverable energy per fission from this work and that from the MCNP predictions. A similar comparison for the present highly enriched uranium UAlx configuration shows a difference of 1.24 MeV.