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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
Alexey V. Golubev, Sergey V. Mavrin, Vladimir A. Pavlovsky, Valentin V. Smirnov, Vladimir G. Rogachev
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 48 | Number 1 | July-August 2005 | Pages 447-451
Technical Paper | Tritium Science and Technology - Containment, Safety, and Environment | doi.org/10.13182/FST05-A962
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
When solving 3-D problems for the atmospheric impurity transport in the bounded area, it is essential for the atmospheric dynamics to be correctly computed taking into account the actual terrain topography and environments specified by the boundary conditions. Such conditions as turbulence, convection, condensation and moisture evaporation processes, etc. are to be also taken into account as well as the interaction processes among impurities (gases, aerosols), atmosphere and the Earth's surface.3-D computational fluid dynamics model(CFD) developed on the basis of SRP hydrodynamic code was used to simulate tritium plume evolution and tritium transport in atmosphere under the area with relatively complex topography. SRP code is based on the continuum motion equations (Navier-Stockes equations) and thermodynamic relations taking into account specific features of atmospheric flows and complex topography and is designed to use on PC-type computers.The model has been validated using experimental release of tritium with specified source term and meteorology. Due to low release height above the underlying surface a fine grid was used in the vertical direction near the underlying surface. HT and HTO/H2O vertical fluxes were taken into account. Evolution of HT and HTO activities at 2 sampling locations along the plume axe were available for model-experiment inter-comparison. The modeling results of HT and HTO activities in the air during plume travel are in satisfactory agreement with observed values.