ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
Standards Program
The Standards Committee is responsible for the development and maintenance of voluntary consensus standards that address the design, analysis, and operation of components, systems, and facilities related to the application of nuclear science and technology. Find out What’s New, check out the Standards Store, or Get Involved today!
Latest Magazine Issues
Jul 2025
Jan 2025
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
September 2025
Nuclear Technology
August 2025
Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
W. Gulden et al.
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 56 | Number 2 | August 2009 | Pages 773-780
Safety and Environment | Eighteenth Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Energy (Part 2) | doi.org/10.13182/FST09-A9003
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The DAC file (Demande d'Autorisation de Création) is the principal document supporting the application for the licensing of ITER. It includes the Preliminary Safety Report (RPrS - Rapport Préliminaire de Sûreté) and the "Impact Study". On January 2008, the DAC was officially submitted to the French Nuclear Authority (ASN).To cope with the requests and recommendations given by the ASN to the earlier ITER Safety Options Report (DOS), CEA had taken commitments dealing with complementary information to be integrated into the RPrS. The necessary work had been implemented by EFDA (European Fusion Development Agreement) and, since its existence, by F4E (Fusion for Energy), in the EISS activities (European ITER Site Study) and in the European Safety Technology Work Programs. The executants of the work have been CEA-AIF (Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique - Agence ITER France), several European Associations (CEA, CIEMAT, ENEA, FZK and VR/Studsvik) and industry. All of them have been working in full cooperation with ITER Organization (IO). In addition some long term R&D tasks, which will have to be performed in parallel to ITER construction, have been defined and their implementation started. Typical examples are dust management (production, mobilization, diagnostic and removal), combined hydrogen/dust explosion models development and validation, demonstration of the feasibility of prevention/mitigation of in-vessel hydrogen/dust