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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
S. Gordeev, L. Stoppel, R. Stieglitz, M. Daubner, F. Fellmoser
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 56 | Number 1 | July 2009 | Pages 301-308
Fusion Materials | Eighteenth Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Energy (Part 1) | doi.org/10.13182/FST09-A8918
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The target assembly of the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) consists of a nozzle, which has to form a stable lithium jet. Therefore, a flat uniform velocity distribution at the nozzle outlets cross-section with a simultaneously low turbulence intensity is required to ensure a safe operation. These boundary conditions necessitate a detailed knowledge on the turbulent flow in contraction nozzles in order identify turbulence models accurately predicting experimental findings within the velocity range of interest for nuclear target and hence can then act as design optimization tool.In order to validate commercially available Computational Fluid dynamic codes (CFD) and the turbulence models incorporated in them a series of experiments using water as model fluid are conducted in the Liquid-Metal-Laboratory KALLA at the research center Karlsruhe. A number of turbulence models with different extensions for the near wall treatment were tested versus the experimentally obtained data. Based on this comparison a hydraulic analysis of the contraction nozzle flow is performed taking into account the relaminarization of the accelerated flow, the occurrence of secondary motions and their impact on the development of the boundary layer. In summary the V2F turbulence model exhibits the best agreement between numerical and experimental data and thus can be considered to be most suitable for the simulation of the accelerated nozzle flow for free surface target applications.