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The top 10 states of nuclear
The past few years have seen a concerted effort from many U.S. states to encourage nuclear development. The momentum behind nuclear-friendly policies has grown considerably, with many states repealing moratoriums, courting nuclear developers and suppliers, and in some cases creating advisory groups and road maps to push deployment of new nuclear reactors.
Kenji Kotoh, Masashi Kawahara, Keisuke Kimura, Kazuhiko Kudo
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 56 | Number 1 | July 2009 | Pages 179-183
Tritium, Safety, and Environment | Eighteenth Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Energy (Part 1) | doi.org/10.13182/FST09-A8898
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Cryogenic pumps are convenient machinery for handling hydrogen isotopes in fusion fuel processing systems. Not only ultra-vacuum pumps working at such as liquid helium or hydrogen temperature but also sorption pumps using liquid nitrogen are applicable. The latter type is suitable to a means of temporary storage and/or transportation between process units. In the cryogenic pumping, there is an issue that the pressure in a pump is not necessarily identical with the pressure measured in its evacuating vessel in equilibrium, because of an effect of thermal transpiration. Thermal transpiration is important in adsorption isotherms which characterize cryo-sorption pumping. In this study, the effect of thermal transpiration was investigated for He, H2 and D2 in a closed system consisting of a volume at room temperature and a volume at cryogenic temperature, connected together by a simple narrow pipe or a pipe containing baffle plates as thermal shield. The effect is here described by an equation of nominal-distribution function with respect to the pressure measured in the hot end volume. Defining an effective inner diameter for the latter pipe, agreement is shown of characteristic curves for geometrically different pipes. The error-functional curves for H2 and D2 are agreed together. The curve for He is also perfectly approximated but with a constant shift. This shift results in the difference of a molecular property among He, H2 and D2.