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Conference Spotlight
2025 ANS Winter Conference & Expo
November 9–12, 2025
Washington, DC|Washington Hilton
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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
IAEA again raises global nuclear power projections
Noting recent momentum behind nuclear power, the International Atomic Energy Agency has revised up its projections for the expansion of nuclear power, estimating that global nuclear operational capacity will more than double by 2050—reaching 2.6 times the 2024 level—with small modular reactors expected to play a pivotal role in this high-case scenario.
IAEA director general Rafael Mariano Grossi announced the new projections, contained in the annual report Energy, Electricity, and Nuclear Power Estimates for the Period up to 2050 at the 69th IAEA General Conference in Vienna.
In the report’s high-case scenario, nuclear electrical generating capacity is projected to increase to from 377 GW at the end of 2024 to 992 GW by 2050. In a low-case scenario, capacity rises 50 percent, compared with 2024, to 561 GW. SMRs are projected to account for 24 percent of the new capacity added in the high case and for 5 percent in the low case.
Paul B. Parks, Marshall N. Rosenbluth, Sergei V. Putvinski, Todd E. Evans
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 35 | Number 3 | May 1999 | Pages 267-279
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/FST99-A80
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Proposed is a new concept for disruption mitigation and fast shutdown in tokamaks: the injection of hydrogen or helium liquid jets. Liquid jets can rapidly cool the plasma to reduce divertor heat loads and large halo current forces while simultaneously raising the density sufficiently to prevent runaway electron generation. Massive ~40- to 100-fold density increases equivalent to ~50 g of deuterium are necessary for this purpose in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). It is shown that only two or three simultaneously injected high-velocity (800 to 1200 m/s) jets can easily deliver this amount of fuel within a period of ~20 ms and thus avoid runaway electron buildup during the 50- to 500-ms current quench phase. Optimum jet parameters, such as radius, velocity, driving pressure, and injection time, predicted from a jet ablation/penetration model, lead to an innovative pulsed injector design concept. The design concept is also based on a thermodynamic process path that allows the lowest possible temperature at the nozzle orifice, given the constraint of a high, ~700-atm driving pressure. By having a cold jet exit the nozzle orifice, the potential problem of rapid boiling (flashover) during jet propagation across vacuum space between the nozzle orifice and the tokamak plasma can be overcome. A one-dimensional fluid-dynamic calculation, including finite compressibility, shows that a specially designed liquid Laval nozzle is needed for liquid helium injection because the jet velocity is supersonic (Mach number ~4). This injector concept is being considered for a proposed disruption mitigation experiment on DIII-D.