ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
Standards Program
The Standards Committee is responsible for the development and maintenance of voluntary consensus standards that address the design, analysis, and operation of components, systems, and facilities related to the application of nuclear science and technology. Find out What’s New, check out the Standards Store, or Get Involved today!
Latest Magazine Issues
Jul 2025
Jan 2025
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
September 2025
Nuclear Technology
August 2025
Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
M. Ichimura et al.
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 55 | Number 2 | February 2009 | Pages 59-62
Technical Paper | Seventh International Conference on Open Magnetic Systems for Plasma Confinement | doi.org/10.13182/FST09-A6983
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In the ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) heating experiments on GAMMA 10, wave-wave and wave-particle interactions are investigated. Low-frequency fluctuations of around 100 kHz with beat frequencies among the AIC modes have been observed. These low-frequency modes are also detected in the signal of electrostatic probes in the central cell and in the signal of end-loss high-energy ion detector. Axial transport (velocity space diffusion) of high-energy ions due to beat waves among the AIC modes is clearly indicated. On the other hand, radial transport of high-energy ions due to the drift-type fluctuations has been observed in the central cell. The excitation of low-frequency magnetic fluctuations of which frequencies, fLF, are less than 1 MHz and satisfy the relation of fLF = fICRF - fAIC, where fICRF is the frequency of the heating ICRF wave and fAIC the frequency of the AIC modes. The parametric decay of the heating ICRF waves to the AIC modes and low-frequency waves will be a possible mechanism.