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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Fusion Science and Technology
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
Matthew J. Bono, George Q. Langstaff, Octavio Cervantes, Craig M. Akaba, Steven R. Strodtbeck, Alex V. Hamza, Nick E. Teslich, Ronald J. Foreman, Johann P. Lotscher, Gregory W. Nyce, Ralph H. Page, Thomas R. Dittrich, Gail Glendinning
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 55 | Number 3 | April 2009 | Pages 318-324
Technical Paper | Eighteenth Target Fabrication Specialists' Meeting | doi.org/10.13182/FST08-3450
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Targets were fabricated at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and were shot on the Omega laser to study the equation of state of nanoporous copper. The targets had a planar configuration and consisted of a 25-m-thick beryllium ablator, a 70-m-thick brominated-polystyrene preheat shield, and a 38-m-thick aluminum baseplate. A quartz window and a 30-m-thick nanoporous copper sample were bonded to the baseplate. The interface between the nanoporous copper and the aluminum baseplate was required to be as thin as possible so that it would not disturb the shock as it passed through the target. A process for bonding the nanoporous copper was developed that did not compact it or otherwise degrade its structure. An acceptable bond was achieved by sputtering a layer of indium-based solder onto the surface of the nanoporous copper and on the aluminum baseplate. The components were assembled and heated to melt the solder. The resulting solder interface had a thickness of ~1.5 m. The targets performed as expected in the experiments, and the interface between the nanoporous copper and the baseplate did not appear to significantly affect the shock as it passed through the target.