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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
T. D. Akhmetov et al.
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 47 | Number 1 | January 2005 | Pages 167-170
Technical Paper | Open Magnetic Systems for Plasma Confinement | doi.org/10.13182/FST05-A631
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The central solenoid of AMBAL-M was filled with a turbulent plasma stream generated by a source located outside the entrance magnetic throat, the plasma ~0.4 m in diameter, with density ~1.51013 cm-3, electron temperature ~50 eV and ion energy ~200 eV was obtained.Additional hydrogen puffing allowed plasma density increase. The plasma with a cold component from ionized gas and charge exchange ions was heated by electrostatic oscillations produced by the working source. At optimized gas puffing the plasma density was increased to 51013 cm-3 without substantial reduction of the ion temperature. No big differences in plasma properties were found between gas puffing through a gas-box and a ceramic tube.The plasma density increment was shown to depend only on the total amount of the injected gas. The experimental optimization was made for different values of solenoid magnetic field taking the diamagnetism into account.Neutral hydrogen distribution in the solenoid vacuum chamber and recycling rate were estimated from data of fast inverse magnetron gauges constructed in BINP.