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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
Defu Zhang, Gary A. Hallock, Alan J. Wootton, Robert H. Flake, John R. Uglum
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 32 | Number 3 | November 1997 | Pages 431-443
Technical Paper | Plasma Control Issues for Tokamaks | doi.org/10.13182/FST97-A6
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A linear, second-order transformer model using magnetic sensor coils has been developed to describe the position control of a tokamak. This model is used to analyze the behavior of a proportional-derivative controller, which has been implemented on TEXT-Upgrade (TEXT-U). The magnetic sensor coils may be placed internal or external to the conducting vacuum vessel. If placed externally, however, eddy currents induced in the vessel wall introduce an error in the position measurement. It is found that this error signal introduces a positive zero in the system transfer function. The transfer function becomes a non-minimum-phase function, which restricts the response speed, stable area, and utilization of the power supply capability. Although the position control system is stabilized by use of a proportional-derivative controller, the controller cannot affect the positive zero. This analysis has been experimentally verified on TEXT-U. With external sensors, the stable operating area is small, and the sensors exhibit an initial undershoot to a step position change, as expected. The observed stable area is predicted by the model, although the model overestimates the size of the actual stable area.