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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
Jürgen Baldzuhn, Larry Robert Baylor, James F. Lyon, W7-AS Team
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 46 | Number 2 | September 2004 | Pages 348-354
Technical Papers | Stellarators | doi.org/10.13182/FST04-A574
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Deep particle fueling into a fusion-relevant plasma can be performed by the injection of cryogenic hydrogen or deuterium pellets. However, the penetration depth and fueling efficiency can be greatly limited when enhanced pellet ablation by fast particles occurs. Only a limited database exists for the penetration depth of ice pellets into stellarators. The penetration depth is measured during pellet injection into purely electron cyclotron resonance heated plasmas on the Wendelstein 7-AS (W7-AS) stellarator. These data are compared with the International Pellet Ablation Database (IPADBASE). Good agreement is found, if the neutral gas shielding model is applied for the scaling law of the penetration depth. The experimental data from W7-AS are used as a basis for planning a new pellet injection system for the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, which is now under construction.
