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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Oleksandr Yu. Antufyev, Alexander A. Shishkin
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 46 | Number 2 | September 2004 | Pages 312-317
Technical Papers | Stellarators | doi.org/10.13182/FST04-A569
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Heavy impurity ions can be removed from the toroidal magnetic trap in the helical magnetic field of a conventional torsatron or heliotron with the use of an alternating current (ac) electric field. The passing particles can be transformed into helically trapped ones and escape from the magnetic confinement volume by the drift of the particles in the inhomogeneous magnetic field. The frequency of the ac electric field is taken close to the bounce frequency in the helical magnetic field. The analysis is carried out on the basis of guiding center equations.