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  General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
  Nichols
  The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
  As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
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The hierarchical two-layer (H2L) model describes the effective transverse thermal conductivity (k_eff) of a two-dimensional (2-D) SiC_f /SiC composite plate made from stacked and infiltrated woven fabric layers in terms of constituent properties and microstructural and architectural variables. The H2L model includes the effects of fiber-matrix interfacial conductance, high-fiber packing fractions within individual tows, and the nonuniform nature of 2-D fabric/matrix layers that usually include a significant amount of interlayer porosity. Previously, H2L model k_eff predictions were compared to measured values for two versions of 2-D Hi-Nicalon^TM/pyrocarbon (PyC)/isothermal chemical vapor infiltration (ICVI)-SiC composite, one with a "thin" (0.11-m) and the other with a "thick" (1.04-m) PyC fiber coating, and for a 2-D Tyranno^TM SA/thin PyC/forced flow chemical vapor infiltration SiC composite. In this study, H2L model k_eff predictions were compared to measured values for a 2-D SiC_f /SiC composite made using the ICVI process with Hi-Nicalon type S fabric and a thin PyC fiber coating. The values of k_eff determined for the latter composite were significantly greater than the k_eff values determined for the composites made with either the Hi-Nicalon or the Tyranno SA fabrics. Differences in k_eff values were expected for the different fiber types, but major differences also were due to observed microstructural and architectural variations between the composite systems, and as predicted by the H2L model.