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Fusion Science and Technology
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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
O. Tudisco, G. M. Apruzzese, P. Buratti, L. Cantarini, A. Canton, L. Carraro, V. Cocilovo, R. de Angelis, M. de Benedetti, B. Esposito, L. Gabellieri, E. Giovannozzi, G. Granucci, L. A. Grosso, G. Grosso, P. Innocente, H. Kroegler, M. Leigheb, G. Monari, D. Pacella, L. Panaccione, V. Pericoli-Ridolfini, G. Pizzicaroli, S. Podda, M. E. Puiatti, G. Rocchi, A. Sibio, A. Simonetto, P. Smeulders, U. Tartari, N. Tartoni, B. Tilia, M. Valisa, V. Zanza, M. Zerbini
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 45 | Number 3 | May 2004 | Pages 402-421
Technical Paper | Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU) | doi.org/10.13182/FST04-A522
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The design of diagnostics for the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU) is challenging because of the compactness of the machine (8-cm-wide ports) and the low operating temperatures requiring the presence of a cryostat. Nevertheless, a rather complete diagnostic system has been progressively installed. The basic systems include a set of magnetic probes, various visible and ultraviolet spectrometers, electron cyclotron emission (ECE) for electron temperature profiles measurements and electron tails monitoring, far-infrared and CO2 interferometry, X-ray (soft and hard) measurements, a multichord neutron diagnostics (with different type detectors), and a Thomson scattering system. Some diagnostics specific to the FTU physics program have been used such as microwave reflectometry for turbulence studies, edge-scanning Langmuir probes for radio-frequency coupling assessment, oblique ECE, and a fast electron bremsstrahlung (FEB) camera for lower hybrid current drive-induced fast electron tails.These systems are briefly reviewed in this paper. Further developments including a scanning CO2 laser two-color interferometer, two FEB cameras for tomographic analysis, a motional Stark effect system, and a collective Thomson scattering system are also described.
