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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
Standards Program
The Standards Committee is responsible for the development and maintenance of voluntary consensus standards that address the design, analysis, and operation of components, systems, and facilities related to the application of nuclear science and technology. Find out What’s New, check out the Standards Store, or Get Involved today!
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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
A. Terakado, Y. Koide, M. Yoshida, T. Nakano, H. Homma, N. Oyama
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 78 | Number 2 | February 2022 | Pages 89-95
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2021.1951529
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Heat-resistant in-vessel components, i.e., a heat sink, a front-end optics housing, and a diagnostic window have been designed in terms of heat-handling capability and thermal stress and mechanical stress by using a finite element method code. The heat sink, which is exposed to a plasma heat flux of up to 0.3 MW/m2, consists of carbon tiles, a carbon sheet, and a stainless steel heat sink with a water-cooling channel. Analysis shows that at a water flow rate of 0.9 kg/s with a water pressure of 0.5 MPa, an increase in the carbon tile temperature is mitigated below the limit related with detrimental red-hot (900°C). The front-end optics housing temperature and the diagnostic window of sapphire glass temperature are within the allowable temperature. The thermal stress and mechanical stress are less than the allowable value, respectively.