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This division promotes the development and timely introduction of fusion energy as a sustainable energy source with favorable economic, environmental, and safety attributes. The division cooperates with other organizations on common issues of multidisciplinary fusion science and technology, conducts professional meetings, and disseminates technical information in support of these goals. Members focus on the assessment and resolution of critical developmental issues for practical fusion energy applications.
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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
C. Fagan, M. Sharpe, W. T. Shmayda, W. U. Schröder
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 75 | Number 8 | November 2019 | Pages 1058-1063
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2019.1610308
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In this work, Aluminum 6061-T6 samples were subjected to MIL-DTL-5541F type-I, class-3 anodic coatings, where a yellow irradiate finish was achieved. Both chromate-conversion coatings (CCCs) and unmodified samples were exposed to deuterium-tritium (PT = 0.51 atm) gas for 24 h at room temperature. Following loading, the samples were subjected to one of two desorption techniques: temperature-programmed desorption or a surface stripping technique. The results show that chromic-acid anodizing of aluminum dramatically increases the total quantity of tritium retained by the treated surface as compared to unmodified aluminum. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies of both treated aluminum and unmodified samples indicate that the CCCs contain significant quantities of hydrated chromium. Using transmission electron microscopy, the surface is shown to have significant cracking and fracturing of the film and leads to a highly grained and porous surface. Such surface defects coupled with the vast quantity of hydration sites are likely reasons for the increased retained tritium inventory observed for CCC samples. Because of the physical and chemical properties of unmodified CCC samples, they are not suitable for use in tritium environments.