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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Erzhong Li, H. Zhao, X. Liu, T. Zhou, Q. Cao, A. Ti, Y. Liu, L. Hu
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 75 | Number 1 | January 2019 | Pages 67-74
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2018.1499394
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
This work is motivated by the measurement of electron dynamics during edge-localized modes (ELMs) which is observed as electron cyclotron emission (ECE) bursts at edge. Considering a small optical thickness for both background and energetic electrons at the edge, detailed physical design and analysis of the ECE spectrum have been done when energetic electrons are considered at edge as in this technical note. The assembly of a portable eight-channel heterodyne radiometer is based on the building-block idea to conveniently adjust radio frequency components to suit for tokamak toroidal fields. Tests were performed in the 2016 Fiscal Year Campaign of Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) for demonstrating the ability of the system. Specifically, the bursting ECE in combination with the calculated spectrums indicates that the energetic electrons survive in the pedestal region and shift outward during the growing phase of an ELM.