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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
Y. Nakashima, T. Cho, T. Fukasawa, H. Higaki, M. Hirata, H. Hojo, M. Ichimura, K. Ishii, Y. Ishimoto, M. K. Islam, A. Itakura, T. Ito, I. Katanuma, S. Kobayashi, J. Kohagura, Y. Kubota, R. Minami, T. Numakura, T. Saito, B. S. Saosaki, Y. Takemura, Y. Tatematsu, M. Yoshida, M. Yoshikawa, K. Yatsu
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 43 | Number 1 | January 2003 | Pages 135-141
Transport and Confinement | doi.org/10.13182/FST03-A11963580
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
High-density experiments using newly applied ioncyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) wave and neutral beam injection (NBI) in the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror are described. A new ICRF wave system (RF3) with high harmonic frequency has been introduced for achieving high density. In addition, neutral beam injectors were recently installed at the central and anchor cells for fueling to target plasmas produced by ICRF waves. Arrays of Hα line-emission detectors are installed from the midplane of the central-cell to the anchor-cell in order to evaluate the particle source density around these regions. In a typical ICRF-heated hot-ion-mode plasma, both anchor and central NB's are injected together with the RF3 wave and the significant increase of the line-density in the central-cell up to ~8×1012 cm−2 was attained during the potential formation. It is confirmed that this high density is achieved under the ion temperature of three times higher than the value expected from the usual empirical boundary without using these new heating systems. An analysis of neutral particle transport using the Monte Carlo simulation code is developed to calculate the spatial profile of neutral density in non-axisymmetric region, such as anchor cell. Particle source rate is estimated based on detailed measurements of Hα line-emission from the central-cell to the east anchor-cell together with the neutral transport simulation.
