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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Fusion Science and Technology
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
Andrey V. Anikeev, Petr A. Bagryansky, Klaus Noack, Alexandre A. Ivanov
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 43 | Number 1 | January 2003 | Pages 78-82
Heating | doi.org/10.13182/FST03-A11963567
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
At present, the Gas Dynamic Trap (GDT) facility of the Budker Institute Novosibirsk is being upgraded. The first stage of the upgrade is the Synthesized Hot Ion Plasmoid (SHIP) experiment. It aims, on the one hand, at the investigation of plasmas which are expected to appear in the region of high neutron production in a GDT based fusion neutron source proposed by the Budker Institute and, on the other hand, at the investigation of plasmas the parameters of which have never been achieved before in magnetic mirrors. In parallel to experimental research at the GDT an Integrated Transport Code System (ITCS) is under development in collaboration with the Forschungszentrum Rossendorf. It is to calculate the relevant physical effects which are connected with neutral gas, background plasma and with the high-energetic ion component inside the central cell of the GDT and later inside the neutron source.
This contribution explains the concept of the SHIP experiment and presents the results of first calculations by means of ITCS modules.