ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
Standards Program
The Standards Committee is responsible for the development and maintenance of voluntary consensus standards that address the design, analysis, and operation of components, systems, and facilities related to the application of nuclear science and technology. Find out What’s New, check out the Standards Store, or Get Involved today!
Latest Magazine Issues
Jul 2025
Jan 2025
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
September 2025
Nuclear Technology
August 2025
Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Hisashi Tanigawa, Satoru Tanaka
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 39 | Number 2 | March 2001 | Pages 629-633
Fusion Materials | doi.org/10.13182/FST01-A11963308
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The adsorption behavior of H2O on Li2O surface was studied by ultra violet photo electron spectroscopy (UPS). Valence-band spectra of Li2O single crystal which was exposed to different pressures of H2O vapor were recorded. After exposure of H2O, variation of the spectra was observed. The observed spectra were interpreted on the basis of ab-initio quantum chemical calculation of the electronic structure of Li2O surface which was covered with –OH. The adsorbate-induced features were assigned as the orbital of surface –OH. The surface condition was varied by Ar ion sputtering and heat treatment under D2 gas. The difference of adsorption behavior of H2O in the surface condition was discussed.
