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Norway’s Halden reactor takes first step toward decommissioning
The government of Norway has granted the transfer of the Halden research reactor from the Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) to the state agency Norwegian Nuclear Decommissioning (NND). The 25-MWt Halden boiling water reactor operated from 1958 to 2018 and was used in the research of nuclear fuel, reactor internals, plant procedures and monitoring, and human factors.
Karl H. Spatschek
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 37 | Number 2 | March 2000 | Pages 95-111
Kinetic Theory | doi.org/10.13182/FST00-A11963204
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In this overview, the main arguments for a kinetic description of a classical, non-relativistic many-body system are reviewed. The need and strategy for a kinetic description of plasma particles are discussed. The Vlasov, the Landau-Fokker-Planck, and the Balescu-Lenard equations are presented as the most useful kinetic equations for the particle distribution functions. In the second part, some simple applications are discussed. First, collision frequencies are derived. Second, it is shown that in the mean field approximation a linearization of the initial value problem can already give interesting insights into the (collective) dynamic behaviors. Third, quasi-linear and weak turbulence theories are discussed. Fourth, it is argued why in many cases a reduction to a plasmadynamic (fluid) description is appropriate, and popular truncations are summarized. Finally, the generality of the statistical methods is demonstrated on the example of magnetic field line diffusion.