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Fusion Science and Technology
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
A.V. Arzhannikov, V.T. Astrelin, A.V. Burdakov, P.V. Denisenko, V.G. Ivanenko, V.S. Koidan, V.V. Konyukhov, A.G. Makarov, K.I. Mekler, P.I. Melnikov, V.S. Nikolaev, S.S. Perin, S.V. Polosalkin, V.V. Postupaev, A.F. Rovenskikh, S.L. Sinitsky
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 35 | Number 1 | January 1999 | Pages 112-118
Topical Review Lectures | doi.org/10.13182/FST99-A11963834
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A short review of recent results obtained at the GOL-3-II facility is presented. This facility is an open trap with 12 m long plasma column with a longitudinal magnetic field of 4.5 T in the uniform part and 9 T in the end mirrors. There is the possibility to change the magnetic field configuration. Plasma density can be varied in 1014÷1017 cm−3 range. A microsecond electron beam with total energy of 0.2 MJ is injected into the plasma through the input mirror.
Collective interactions of an electron beam with a plasma and its fast heating are studied at this facility. An efficiency of collective electron beam deceleration up to 40% is achieved in a 1015 cm−3 plasma. The average electron temperature of ∼2 keV at plasma density (1–2) 1015 cm−3 is obtained. With two-stage heating of a dense (∼1016 cm−3) plasma the electron temperature of 300÷500 eV and the ion temperature of 100÷200 eV are reached.
Prospects of experiments on multimirror and «wall» plasma confinement at GOL-3-II facility are discussed.
