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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
Dan Gabriel Cepraga, Gilio Cambi, Manuela Frisoni, Gian Carlo Panini
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 34 | Number 3 | November 1998 | Pages 969-973
Neutronics Experiments and Analysis (Poster Session) | doi.org/10.13182/FST98-A11963738
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The ANITA-4/F is a code package for the activation characterisation of materials exposed to neutrons in fusion machines. The package has been intensively used by ENEA for safety assessment of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ITER to evaluate the activated corrosion product source terms. This paper presents a summary description of the package and gives the details of its capabilities. The main component of the package is an updated version of the activation code ANITA that computes the radioactive inventory of a material subject to neutron irradiation, continuous or stepwise. It provides activity, atomic density, decay heat, biological hazard and gamma-ray source of each nuclide; total activity, decay heat, contact dose equivalent, gamma-ray spectra and other relevant parameters, for the irradiated material, versus cooling time. As an option, those parameters may be plotted by the GRANITA module, as a function of the cooling time. The code is provided with a complete data base that includes: 1) the FENDL/A-2 neutron activation data libraries (both for the standard 100 GAM-II and 175 VITAMIN-J groups structure), 2) the FENDL/D-2 decay data library, 3) the ICRP dose coefficients for ingestion and inhalation of radionuclides. Arbitrary structure can be used for the neutron irradiation spectrum. It is internally converted to one of the standard structures. Continuous or multi-steps (up to 2000 burn-dwell intervals) can be considered for the operational scenario. A different level of the irradiation flux can be used for each one of the exposure time step. The paper presents also, as an example, an application to the neutron exposure characterisation for the AISI 316 LN of the first wall, with reference to the basic performance phase of ITER.
