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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Niek Lopes Cardozo
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 33 | Number 2 | March 1998 | Pages 160-164
Transport in Tokamaks | doi.org/10.13182/FST98-A11947006
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
By inducing in a small temperature perturbation in a plasma in a steady state one can determine the conductive and convective components of the heat flux, and the associated thermal diffusivity and convection velocity. The same can be done for the density, and in principle also other plasma parameters. Experiments show that the response of the temperature in most cases is determined by diffusion. It is in principle possible to determine elements of the matrix of transport coefficients. Importantly, off-diagonal elements in the transport matrix appear to be important.
Experimental techniques, analysis techniques, basic formulas etc are briefly reviewed. Experimental results are summarized. The fundamental question whether the fluxes are linear functions of the gradients or not is discussed.
On a fast time scale, plasma responses have sometimes been observed that cannot be explained by a local transport model. This so called ‘non-local’ transport is briefly discussed.