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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
G. L. Francis, J. R. Myra, D. A. D'Ippolito, P. J. Catto, R. E. Aamodt
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 12 | Number 2 | September 1987 | Pages 230-237
Fusion Reactors | doi.org/10.13182/FST87-A11963781
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A systematic study of magnetic designs has been carried out for three-cell choke coil quadrupole-stabilized tandem mirror reactors, comparable in size to the (octopole) MINIMARS design. In these designs, a single-mirror cell at each end of the machine serves as an end plug, thermal barrier, and magnetohydrodynamic anchor. The multiple functions of the end plugs make it difficult to simultaneously optimize the physics properties of the plasma (stability, radial confinement, and good particle drift orbits). Two different design approaches have been studied using recently developed magnetic optimization techniques. Typical physics figures of merit are given and critical issues discussed for each design. When the various constraints associated with the high-field choke coil are taken into account, it is found that an acceptable design is beyond the reach of present technology.