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Fusion Science and Technology
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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
E. Loomis, S. R. Greenfield, S. N. Luo, R. Johnson, T. Shimada, J. Cobble, A. Seifter, D. S. Montgomery
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 55 | Number 2 | February 2009 | Pages 152-162
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/FST09-A4068
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Single crystals of beryllium were illuminated with nanosecond X-ray pulses generated from laser irradiated (~1.5 × 1014 W/cm2) gold targets. The characteristic gold M-band centered at 2.5 keV was measured by time-integrated transmission grating spectroscopy and a time-resolved (spectrally integrated) X-ray photodiode through beryllium targets of various thickness. Approximately decaying exponential temperature profiles were predicted to be induced in 100- and 160-m-thick single crystal targets producing nearly instant surface motion as measured by free surface velocity interferometry. This temperature profile gave rise to free surface (opposite to drive laser surface) velocity histories in a c-axis single crystal and a (10[overbar]10) single crystal in which large initial acceleration gave way to lower (ramped) acceleration due to the internal temperature gradient. A smooth rise to the peak velocity was then followed by a sharp release originating from the free surface nearest to the laser drive. Differences between the velocities in each of these regions were found between the two single crystals investigated, which were due to the thermal expansion properties as a function of direction (including plasticity). These results can be used to predict the behavior of preheated polycrystalline targets relevant to instability seeding in inertial confinement fusion ablators.