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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
S. Chiocchio, G. Federici, G. Janeschitz, R. Tivey, C. Baxi, J. R. Haines, M. A. Ulrickson
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 26 | Number 3 | November 1994 | Pages 628-633
Divertor Experiment and Technology | Proceedings of the Eleventh Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Energy New Orleans, Louisiana June 19-23, 1994 | doi.org/10.13182/FST94-A40227
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The ITER Divertor design is based on the idea of extinguishing the plasma flame in a gas target. According to this scheme a large part of the power entering the divertor region would be dissipated through atomic and molecular reactions. These processes must take place along the whole extension of the divertor throat, in older to limit the thermal loads and particle fluxes onto the target. Thus, the divertor channel walls have to be shaped in order to achieve an adequate heat removal capability and to allow an effective recirculation of the gas from the target to the upper part of the divertor region. This paper describes the main features of the Power Exhaust Structure of the ITER Divertor, which composes the side wall of the divertor channel. In the selected design, the side wall is formed by wing like plates (fins/vanes) twisted 45 degrees in the toroidal direction towards the incoming magnetic field lines. The shape and size of these vanes are determined by the requirement for providing a highly transparent wall, coupled with the need to minimize the thermal deflections and stresses of the structure induced by thermal and electromagnetic loads. The wings are made of copper and protected from the plasma by armor made from either Be or W. In this paper we present the basic features of the proposed design and report on the analyses carried out to assess the behavior of the vanes under the dominant loads. Also, the paper presents an assessment of the concept from the point of view of component fabrication, based on results of preliminary studies carried out to support the design of the ITER divertor.