ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
Standards Program
The Standards Committee is responsible for the development and maintenance of voluntary consensus standards that address the design, analysis, and operation of components, systems, and facilities related to the application of nuclear science and technology. Find out What’s New, check out the Standards Store, or Get Involved today!
Latest Magazine Issues
Jul 2025
Jan 2025
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
September 2025
Nuclear Technology
August 2025
Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
L.L. Lengyel, K. Borrass
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 8 | Number 1 | July 1985 | Pages 1760-1765
Plasma Heating, Impurity Control, and Fueling | Proceedings of the Sixth Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Energy (San Francisco, California, March 3-7, 1985) | doi.org/10.13182/FST85-A40015
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The fueling requirements of fusion reactors are analyzed on the basis of a recent assessment performed for NET (Next European Torus). Results of penetration depth calculations applied to single pellets under thermonuclear plasma conditions are described. Data corresponding to the commonly used neutral gas shielding ablation model and a magnetic shielding approximation are compared. The pellet size and pellet velocity requirements for central fueling are established. Scenario calculations are performed with the help of a 1D tokamak transport code. The pellet size, pellet velocity, and injection frequency requirements for continuous fueling or, for example, ignition with the help of pellets are obtained. The effect of runaway electrons, NB ions and alpha particles is estimated by calculating the ablation rates caused by these particles in fusion plasmas and comparing them with the ablation rate induced by thermal electrons.