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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
J. Vetrovec
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 8 | Number 1 | July 1985 | Pages 1235-1240
Impurity Control and Vacuum Technology | Proceedings of the Sixth Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Energy (San Francisco, California, March 3-7, 1985) | doi.org/10.13182/FST85-A39936
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The key parameter in calculating the pumping speed of cryopanels is the capture probability. This probability is usually determined by Monte Carlo methods simulating molecular transport of gas. While such methods can be very accurate, they are also rather costly and inflexible. An alternate approach is proposed which uses an analytical method that draws on analogy between radiative heat transfer and molecular gas flow. This analytical method will be described, and it will be shown how it was used to obtain first estimates of pumping speed for the cryopanels for the MFTF-B Neutral Beamlines. The directional dependence of pumping speed is discussed in detail. The results of the calculations are compared to both the Monte Carlo results and experimental data.