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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Shin Chang, George H. Miley, Clifford E. Singer
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 33 | Number 4 | July 1998 | Pages 387-397
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/FST98-A39
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The influence of controlled sawteeth on thermal helium exhaust is explored using the BALDUR 1½-dimensional transport code for an ARIES-I-type plasma. Sawteeth are shown to be useful for removing thermal helium from the central region to the outer region of a tokamak plasma. Outer region transport enhancement is found essential for removing the ash from the outer region. It is found that the optimal sawtooth period to give the minimum thermal helium level (or maximum fusion power) is several times larger than the fast alpha-particle slowing-down time for an ARIES-I-type driven plasma. With a sawtooth period of ~5 s and helium transport selectively enhanced by one order of magnitude relative to the diffusion of hydrogenic ions, the fusion power increases ~30% compared to the case without sawteeth/without enhancement. It is also found that sawteeth combined with outer region transport enhancement have the potential to advantageously reduce the helium concentration.