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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Fusion Science and Technology
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
S. K. Combs, L. R. Baylor, D. T. Fehling, P. W. Fisher, C. R. Foust, D. A. Rasmussen, J. B. Wilgen, B. E. Chapman, S. P. Oliva, S. C. Prager, J. S. Sarff, M. D. Wyman, D. L. Brower, W. X. Ding, S. D. Terry, B. H. Deng
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 44 | Number 2 | September 2003 | Pages 513-517
Technical Paper | Fusion Energy - Plasma Engineering, Heating, and Current Drive | doi.org/10.13182/FST03-A388
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A compact pellet injection system that was recently developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory has been installed on the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) at the University of Wisconsin and used in initial plasma fueling experiments. The system, referred to as a "pellet injector in a suitcase," is a pipe gun device with a four-barrel capability (presently equipped with two 1.0-mm-bore barrels), and it uses a cryogenic refrigerator for in-situ hydrogen pellet formation (typically, D2 pellets). This new, portable, stand-alone pellet injection system was developed to provide a flexible means of plasma fueling on a wide variety of magnetic confinement devices, with relatively low costs for installation and operation. The injector has already been used to produce useful results with pellets on MST plasmas, including significant and rapid increases (almost 100%) in the line average density, and effectively depositing fuel in the plasma core (central densities of [approximately equal to] 1.4 × 1019 m-3). In this paper, the injection system, its performance, and reliability will be described, and results from some initial MST pellet experiments will be highlighted.