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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
M. Kawai, N. Akino, N. Ebisawa, L. Grisham, M. Hanada, A. Honda, T. Inoue, M. Kazawa, K. Kikuchi, M. Kuriyama, N. Kusanagi, K. Mogaki, K. Noto, T. Ohga, K. Ooshima, Y. Tanai, N. Umeda, K. Usui, T. Yamamoto, H. Yamazaki, K. Watanabe
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 44 | Number 2 | September 2003 | Pages 508-512
Technical Paper | Fusion Energy - Plasma Engineering, Heating, and Current Drive | doi.org/10.13182/FST03-A387
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The negative-ion based neutral beam injection system developed by JAERI for JT-60U has been intended to generate a 500 keV and 10 MW beam for 10 seconds with two ion sources. Technical efforts to decrease heat loads on the accelerator grids, to improve non-uniformity of the source plasma, to increase voltage holding of the accelerator, and to optimize the operational parameters have been conducted intensively. A step-down control of the filament voltage was very effective to keep the acceleration current constant during the pulse duration. To suppress degradation of voltage holding of the accelerator, protection spark gaps of ~178 kV for each stage, its gap length is 73 mm, were confirmed to be effective.As results of these improvements, as of June 2002, the maximum injection power has reached 6.2 MW, and a pulse length has attained 10 seconds of the design value with a 2.6 MW beam.