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September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
D. N. Ruzic, D. B. Hayden
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 31 | Number 2 | March 1997 | Pages 123-127
Technical Paper | Divertor System | doi.org/10.13182/FST97-A30814
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
One option for particle and power handling in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is the creation of a low-pressure (∼10-mTorr) gaseous divertor. The divertor would have a long channel over which energy would be removed from the plasma by radiation, and the plasma pressure would be balanced by a change inflow velocities and neutral pressures entering the sides of the channel This combination should substantially reduce the ion energy and ion flux that impact the eventual end of the divertor channel. For this concept to work, momentum must be removed from the plasma by the neutral atoms and molecules. Plasma parameters were taken from a DDC83 code solution. A Monte Carlo treatment of the plasma-neutral interactions has been obtained using DEGAS, which includes charge-exchange, recombination, ion-neutral, and neutral-neutral elastic collisions. Results show that the momentum transferred to the side walls is insufficient by two orders of magnitude to achieve the pressure reduction needed. Each molecule that enters the plasma makes hundreds of elastic and inelastic collisions in the plasma and then is more likely to be ionized (transferring the momentum back to the plasma) than to travel to a wall.