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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
Raffaele Albanese, Giuseppe Ambrosino, Enzo Coccorese, Francesco Carlo Morabito, Alfredo Pironti, Guglielmo Rubinacci, Stefano Scala
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 30 | Number 2 | November 1996 | Pages 167-183
Technical Paper | Special Section: Plasma Control Issues for Tokamaks / Plasma Engineering | doi.org/10.13182/FST96-A30749
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A linear model for feedback control of the plasma position and shape in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is discussed. A model of the poloidal field (PF) system and of the disturbances is first derived. The main task of the control system is to avoid any contact of the hot plasma with the wall during the long duration of the burn phase. For this purpose, the control variables are specified as six gaps between the plasma separatrix and the first wall, including divertor channels. The structure model includes PF coils, vacuum vessel, first wall, backplate, and divertor fins, and it refers to the TAC-4 outline design ITER geometry. A multivariable controller is designed using the optimal linear quadratic approach. The simulation of the closed-loop system shows how the plasma shape is recovered: Step gap variations of 15 cm and poloidal beta drops of 0.2 are considered as disturbances. The performance parameters are voltages and currents in the PF coils and gap recovery time; voltage saturation of the actuators is also taken into account.
