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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
Hans-Dieter Falter, Ernest Thompson
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 29 | Number 4 | July 1996 | Pages 584-595
Technical Paper | Plasma Heating System | doi.org/10.13182/FST96-A30700
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Rectangular Hypervapotron beam-stopping elements made from Cu-Cr-Zr have been used in the Joint European Torus (JET) beam injectors to dissipate up to 100 MW of power. Experience over more than 10 yr is outstanding with not a single failure. At the flow velocities used in the Hypervapotron elements of the JET injectors, the turbulence created by the fins dominates the heat transfer, and the Hypervapotron mechanism is of secondary importance. The main advantage of the Hypervapotron is the geometrical flexibility. The surface can be shaped freely as required without compromising on either heat transfer or total power-handling capability. Flow velocity and flow rate can be independently adjusted to requirements. Peak power densities up to 30 MW/m2 were removed at a flow velocity of 7 m/s and a pressure drop of 0.25 MPa/m. Flow parameters were as follows: velocity ≤11 m/s, inlet pressure ≤1 MPa, and inlet temperature ≤50°C.
